Do you have intense itching that's driving you crazy? Unusual discharge that smells bad? Burning when you urinate or during sex? You probably have a vaginal infection. And if you're here, it's because you're trying to understand what's happening to you, whether it's serious, and, most importantly, how to get rid of it quickly. However, in 99% of cases, vaginal infections are very treatable.
Vaginal infections affect 75% of women at least once in their life. It's common, it happens to everyone, and it doesn't mean you're "dirty" or that you've done something wrong. Your vagina has its own flora (microbiota) that maintains a delicate balance. When this balance is disrupted, boom, infection. This article explains everything: what a vaginal infection is, how to recognize the symptoms, how you get a vaginal infection, and most importantly, how to treat a vaginal infection effectively.
What you need to know right away
What is a vaginal infection?
A vaginal infection (also called vaginitis or vulvovaginitis) is an inflammation of the vagina, and often the vulva, caused by an imbalance in the vaginal flora. Normally, your vagina is home to billions of microorganisms: 90% are lactobacilli (the "good" bacteria) and 10% are other microbes, yeasts, and bacteria, which remain harmless as long as they are in the minority.
When the balance is disrupted, lactobacilli decrease and "bad" microorganisms proliferate. The result is infection. This can be a fungus (mycosis), bacteria (vaginosis), a parasite (trichomoniasis), or, more rarely, a virus (herpes).
Vaginal Flora: Your Invisible Bodyguard
Your vagina has its own ecosystem called the vaginal flora (or vaginal microbiota). Lactobacilli maintain an acidic pH (between 3,8 and 4,5) that prevents pathogens from growing. It's a hostile environment for intruders.
But sometimes, this balance becomes fragile: antibiotics that kill good bacteria, excessive hygiene that disrupts the pH, fluctuating hormones, stress, diabetes... And then, the door is open to infections.
The 3 Most Common Types of Vaginal Infections
Not all vaginal infections are the same. Each has its own causes, symptoms, and specific treatment. Here are the three main types.
1. Vaginal Mycosis (Candidiasis)
It is the most well-known and common vaginal infection. Approximately 75% of women will have at least one in their life, and 50% will have several episodes. It is caused in 80 to 90% of cases by the fungus Candida albicans, which lives naturally on our skin and mucous membranes.
Typical symptoms of mycosis
- Intense itching at the level of the vulva and vagina (it is often unbearable)
- Thick white discharge odorless, "curdled milk" or "cottage cheese" appearance
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
- Burning sensations when urinating or during sexual intercourse
- Sometimes small painful cracks on the vulva
Important: Vaginal thrush is not an STI (sexually transmitted infection). You didn't "catch" it from someone. It's an internal imbalance in your flora.
🌸 6 Anti-Itch Steps to Treat Fungal Infections →
2. Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis occurs when lactobacilli decrease and certain bacteria (especially Gardnerella vaginalis) proliferate excessively. It is the most common vaginal bacterial infection, accounting for 27 to 43% of infections depending on the study.
Typical symptoms of bacterial vaginosis
- unpleasant odor "rotten fish" type (this is the most characteristic sign)
- Fluid losses grayish, yellowish or whitish, abundant
- Itching or burning (but often less intense than mycosis)
- Sometimes no symptoms (40 to 50% of affected women feel nothing)
Important nuance: BV is not technically an "infection" in the classic sense, but rather an imbalance of the flora. It is not considered an STI, but can be caused by sexual intercourse.
3. Trichomoniasis (Trichomoniasis)
Much rarer (1 to 5% of vaginal infections), trichomoniasis is caused by a microscopic parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Unlike the two previous ones, it's an STI : it is transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse.
Typical symptoms of trichomoniasis
- Foamy discharge, greenish-yellow, very abundant
- Strong and unpleasant odor
- Itching and irritation intense vulva and vagina
- Pain during intercourse and when urinating
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
Please note: If you have trichomoniasis, your sexual partner(s) must be treated too, otherwise you will be reinfected repeatedly.
How Do You Know If You Have a Vaginal Infection?
Most of the time, your body sends you pretty clear signals. Here's how to recognize a vaginal infection and identify what type it is.
Symptoms Common to All Vaginal Infections
- Abnormal vaginal discharge : more abundant than usual, change in color or texture
- Itching (itching) in the vulva and/or vagina
- Burning sensations or irritation
- Redness and swelling of the vulva (labia majora)
- Pain during sex (dyspareunia)
- Burning when urinating
- Unusual odor (especially for vaginosis and trichomoniasis)
How to Recognize a Vaginal Infection: The Visual Guide to Discharge
The appearance, color, and smell of your discharge are the best clues to identify the type of infection.
💡 Good to know : Normal vaginal discharge exists. It is clear or white, without a strong odor, and varies depending on your cycle (heavier around ovulation). If your discharge is normal and without bothersome symptoms, everything is fine.
How do you get a vaginal infection?
Contrary to popular belief, most vaginal infections are not "caught" from the outside (except for trichomoniasis). They result from an internal imbalance in your flora. But certain factors trigger or contribute to this imbalance.
⚠️ Stop blaming yourself Having a vaginal infection doesn't mean you're "dirty" or careless. It's an imbalance that can happen to anyone, even with impeccable hygiene. In fact, too much hygiene is one of the main causes.
Vaginal Infection Treatment: How to Treat
Treatment for a vaginal infection depends on the type of infection. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is important before starting treatment.
Treatment of vaginal yeast infection
Drug treatments (antifungals)
- Vaginal ovum or capsule : Econazole (Gyno-Pevaryl®), Miconazole, Sertaconazole, Clotrimazole. To be inserted into the vagina, usually a single dose or 3 days of treatment
- Antifungal cream : To be applied to the vulva in addition to the ovule if external irritation occurs
- Oral treatment : Fluconazole 150mg single dose (Diflucan®, Triflucan®) - practical but not recommended as a first-line treatment
- Local treatments (ovules) are as effective as oral treatments and have fewer side effects
💡 Recurrent mycosis : If you have 4 or more episodes per year, consult for a thorough assessment (search for diabetes, underlying causes) and prolonged background treatment.
Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis
antibiotics
- Metronidazole (Flagyl®) : Either orally (500mg 2x/day for 7 days), or as a vaginal gel
- Clindamycin : Vaginal cream or ovules
- Cure rates are around 80-90% with proper treatment.
- Important: Avoid alcohol while taking metronidazole (antabuse effect = severe nausea)
Particularity: Even though vaginosis is not an STI, it is often recommended to treat the partner to prevent recurrences (although the scientific data on effectiveness is mixed).
Trichomoniasis Treatment
Specific antibiotic
- Metronidazole 2g in a single dose (minute treatment) OR 500mg 2x/day for 7 days
- Cure rate: up to 88% with both protocols
- OBLIGATORY : Treat all sexual partners simultaneously (otherwise reinfection is guaranteed)
- Abstinence or condom use throughout treatment
Antibiotic for Vaginal Infection: Which One to Use?
Beware of confusion, Not all antibiotics cure all vaginal infections. Amoxicillin, for example (a very common antibiotic), does not treat vaginosis or trichomoniasis.
⚠️ Never take an antibiotic for a vaginal infection without a prescription : Wrong diagnosis = wrong treatment = possible worsening. For example, taking amoxicillin for a yeast infection will not help and may even worsen the infection (the antibiotic will kill even more good bacteria).
How to Treat a Vaginal Infection Naturally?
Some natural remedies can relieve symptoms or complement medical treatment, but they do not replace drug treatment for a declared infection.
Remedies that can help (as a supplement)
Vaginal probiotics : Lactobacilli in ovules or capsules (Physioflor®, Gynophilus®). Helps restore flora after treatment. Variable effectiveness but useful in preventing recurrences.
Baking soda sitz bath : Temporarily soothes itching (1 tablespoon in a basin of warm water, 10-15 minutes)
Plain yogurt (external application) : May relieve irritation but effectiveness not scientifically proven
Coconut oil : Mild antifungal properties, may relieve external irritation (never inside the vagina)
❌ Remedies to absolutely avoid
- Garlic in the vagina : May cause severe burns and has no proven effectiveness
- Pure essential oils : Too aggressive for the mucous membranes, risk of burns
- Vinegar : Too acidic, may worsen irritation
- Vaginal douching (even "natural"): Aggravate the imbalance
Vaginal Infection and Pregnancy
Are you pregnant and have a vaginal infection? It's common, but it requires special attention. Vaginal infections during pregnancy are more common (due to hormonal changes) and can have serious consequences if left untreated.
Risks of Untreated Vaginal Infection During Pregnancy
- Premature delivery (especially with bacterial vaginosis)
- Premature rupture of membranes (water pocket)
- Low birth weight of the baby
- Newborn infection when passing through the vagina (rare but possible with trichomoniasis)
- Chorioamnionitis (infection of the membranes and amniotic fluid)
Treatment During Pregnancy
Not all treatments are safe during pregnancy. Your doctor or midwife will adapt the treatment:
⚠️ If you are pregnant : Do NOT attempt any treatment without medical advice, even "natural" ones. Consult your midwife or gynecologist promptly at the first symptoms.
Vaginal Infection Self-Test: Is It Reliable?
Self-tests are available in pharmacies to identify the type of vaginal infection. The most well-known in France is the Biosynex Autotest Vaginal Infection test. It measures vaginal pH to differentiate between yeast infection and bacterial vaginosis.
How Does the Test Work?
A normal vaginal pH is between 3,8 and 4,5 (acidic). In cases of bacterial vaginosis, the pH increases (>4,5). In cases of yeast infection, the pH remains normal or slightly acidic.
- pH < 4,5 : Probably a fungal infection
- pH > 4,5 : Probably bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis
💡 Limitations of self-testing : It does not replace a consultation. It can guide you towards the right treatment in the event of a known recurrence, but in the event of a first episode, doubt, or severe symptoms, consult a healthcare professional.
Preventing Vaginal Infections
We can't control everything, but certain habits considerably reduce the risk of vaginal infections and especially of recurrences.
Good daily habits
Gentle intimate hygiene : Maximum 1 to 2 toilets per day, clear water or mild pH neutral/alkaline soap. NEVER perfumed soap, shower gel, or antiseptic.
No douching : The vagina cleans itself. Douching destroys the protective flora.
Cotton underwear : Choose breathable cotton. Avoid synthetics and tight-fitting clothing.
Wiping from front to back : After going to the toilet, always wipe from the vulva towards the anus (never the other way around) to avoid contamination by intestinal bacteria.
Periodic protection : During your period, choose Period Panties or sanitary towels instead of tampons (less maceration). Change them regularly.
After antibiotics : Vaginal probiotic treatment to restore flora
Avoid prolonged heat and humidity : Change quickly after sport/swimming, don't stay in a wet swimsuit
Protect Your Intimate Comfort Every Day
Our organic cotton Period Panties respect the balance of your vaginal flora. Breathable, soft, and free from irritating chemicals. Perfect for preventing maceration during your period.
Difference between Vaginal Yeast Infection and Urinary Tract Infection
Common confusion: Vaginal thrush is often confused with urinary tract infection (cystitis) because both cause burning and discomfort in the intimate area. However, they are two different problems with different treatments.
Particularity: It is possible (but not common) to have both at the same time. If you have both vaginal itching AND an urgent need to urinate with burning, seek medical advice for an accurate diagnosis.
When Should You Really Consult?
In certain situations, it is imperative to consult a doctor, midwife or gynecologist quickly.
Consult quickly if:
- This is your first infection : Diagnosis needed to identify the exact type
- You are pregnant : Mandatory adapted treatment
- Severe symptoms : Severe pain, fever, abnormal bleeding
- No improvement after 3 days of treatment
- Frequent recurrences : 4 or more episodes per year require an assessment
- You are under 16 or over 60
- You have unusual symptoms : Ulcerations, vesicles, pelvic pain
Stop Stressing
75% of women will experience a vaginal infection in their lifetime. It's not serious; it can be cured in a few days with the right treatment. Yeast infection = antifungal, vaginosis/trichomoniasis = specific antibiotic. The real pitfall? Using the wrong treatment because you haven't identified the right type of infection.
To prevent recurrence, use gentle hygiene, breathable cotton, and do not douche. If you are pregnant or this is your first infection, seek medical help. Otherwise, now you know what to do.
Sources & Scientific References
This article draws on validated scientific studies and international recommendations to provide you with reliable and up-to-date information on vaginal infections.
Main scientific studies
- van Schalkwyk J, Yudin MH. (2015). Vulvovaginitis: screening for and management of trichomoniasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Canada. DOI: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30316-9 – Canadian recommendations on screening and treatment of the 3 main vaginal infections
- Hainer BL, Gibson MV. (2011). Treatment of vaginal infections: candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and trichomoniasis. American Family Physician. DOI: 10.1016/s1086-5802(16)30241-8 – Complete review of treatments for vaginal infections
- Paladine HL, Desai UA. Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Mar 1;97(5):321-329. PMID: 29671516.
- Rabie N, et al. (2024). Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomonal vaginitis and aerobic vaginitis in women from Egypt. BMC Women's Health. DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1376 – Epidemiological study showing a prevalence of 70,5% for bacterial vaginosis and 75% for candidiasis
- Chen Y, et al. (2023). Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Appropriateness of Empirical Treatment of Trichomoniasis, Bacterial Vaginosis, and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Microbiology Spectrum. DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00161-23
- Bitew A, Abebaw Y. (2018). Vulvovaginal candidiasis: species distribution of Candida and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. BMC Women's Health. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0607-z
- Klebanoff MA, et al. (2005). Is bacterial vaginosis a stronger risk factor for preterm birth when it is diagnosed earlier in gestation? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.017
- Leitich H, et al. (2003). Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for preterm delivery: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.339
Official French resources
- Ameli.fr. Recognizing vaginitis. Ameli Link
- MSD Manuals. Presentation of vaginitis. Complete medical guide to vaginal infections. Link
Footnotes : DOI links provide direct access to the original scientific publications. This article will be updated regularly to reflect the latest medical knowledge.
Medical warning : This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you experience symptoms of a vaginal infection, consult a gynecologist, midwife, or physician for proper diagnosis and treatment.
